Best viewed with
Internet Explorer (IE) 4
and higher.
Site optimized for IE 5.0.

Part 1 | Part 2

šµ²°ï‡®±q¬ KN®²Êhu® y®q®w®u® w®0q®Š® y®þÏî®±u® uµ°ý®S®¡®ªå î¯î®±y®0t°‡®± ïX¯Š®S®¢Sµ ¯Š®n¯0rN® AµÚ Hu®±Š¯‰±q®±. Ÿ°S¯T œµYÏw® N®î®±²ãxš®ÔŠ®± q®î®±â B0uµ²°©w®î®w®±Ý î®±±0u®±î®‹š®©± CrÙ°Yw® î®Ç®ÁS®¡®ªå œµ²š® £µ°q®äS®¡®w®±Ý œ®±l®±N®„µ°N¯‰±q®±. q®î®±âw®±Ý œµ²S®¢›Nµ²¡®ë©± ©„®ãî¯S®±î®0q®œ® œµ²š® œµ²š® Aî®N¯ý®S®¡®w®±Ý D Hl®y®0t°‡®±Š®± š®u¯ AŠ®š®±q®ÙŒµ° CŠ®±q¯ÙŠµ. œ¯S®² q®î®±Sµ q¯Š¯y®hÔ ›S®±î®¼u¯u®ªå ‡®¾¯î®¼uµ° w¯hN®î¯l®©± A®± q®±vS¯©ªå x0rŠ®±q¯ÙŠµ. „¯Š®r°‡®± N®î®±²ãxš®ÔŠ®± D N®Œµ‡®±ªå Xµw¯ÝT y®¡®Tu®î®Š®±. xcN®²Ê C®± Aš¯î®¾¯w®ã y¯äpS®¡®±. cS®rÙw®ŒµåŒ¯å N®lµS®¡®ªå C® š®0N®±©îµŒ¯å y®½Š¯ ¯‡®±î¯Tu®ÛŠ®², Cªå A®± ïªïª Ku¯ÛmNµ²0l¯u®Š®² œµ°Sµ²° E›Š®±¢›Nµ²0mu¯ÛŠµ. q®î®±âw®±Ý q¯îµ° Eu¯Š®î¯vS®¡®±, Bu®±xN® Y0q®N®Š®± Cq¯ãv‡®¾¯T œµ°¢Nµ²¡®±ëq¯Ù, šµN®±ã©Š¬, N®î®±²ãw®Œ¬, y¯㛚¬Ô, Nµ°š®‹°N®Š®o î®±q®±Ù ¯w®î® œ®N®±ÊS®¡®± - Cq¯ãv „µ²S®¡µ y®u®S®¡®w®±Ý EOÊ œ®‹š®±î®0q®œ® Eu®Üh „¯ǵ‡®±w®±Ý ¯q®w¯l®±q®ÙŒµ° CŠ®±q¯ÙŠµ.

„¯Š®q®u®ªåw® D y¯äpS®¡®± N¯Œ¬Á¯N¬éÁ, bµ²°šµy¬ š¯Ôªw¬ î®±q®±Ù Œµxw¬ - D räî®±²rÁS®¡® BŠ¯u®N®Š®±. N®î®±²ãxš®î®¾¬w® K0u®± ïX¯Š®u®ªå ¯q®ä A®± xcN®²Ê y¯ä¯pN® uµ㰇®±î¯vS®¡®±. Au®Š® N®±‹q®± ‡®¾¯î®¼uµ° ïî®±ýµÁS®² q®‡®¾¯‹©åu® Aq®±ãq®Êh ý®äuµÜ, „®OÙ A®u®±. ¯N¬éÁ, Œµxw¬, š¯Ôªw¬, î®±q®±Ù ¯îµ½° A® y¯ªSµ š¯£¯q¬ uµ°î®Š®±S®¡®± î®±q®±Ù Aµ©åŠ® ïX¯Š®S®¡®w®±Ý Aq®ã0q® xǵՉ±0u® BX®‹š®±î®Š®± A®±. D uµ°î®Š®±S®¡®± - Au®Š®©²å bµ²°šµy¬ š¯Ôªw¬ - Iw¯u®Š®² DS® „¯Š®q®u®ªå …u®±OuµÛ° Bu®ªå î®±q®±Ù Š®Ç¯ãu®Œ¯åu®0qµ C©²å xcî¯u® N®î®±²ãxš¬Ô N¯ä0r Iw¯u®Š®² BTu®Ûªå - …ª‡®¾¯S®±rÙu®Û®± As®î¯ šµ¶†°‹‡®¾¯u®ªåw® ý®äï±N® þ†Š®S®¡®ªå N®ko N¯‡®±N® ¯l®±î® þ£µSµ²¡®S¯S®±rÙu®Û®± D …±vÜd°ïS®¡µ° H0…±u®± y®¼oãî®ý¯q¬ ATw®²Ý Sµ²rÙ©å.

N¯0Sµäš¬w® Bl®¢q®u® w¯©±Ê u®ý®N®S®¡® xŠ®0q®Š®î¯T q®î®±Sµ uµ²Šµq® Ar‡®¾¯u® N®³y¯ý®ä‡®±u® N¯Š®ov0u¯T „¯Š®r°‡®± N®î®±²ãxš®ÔŠ®± Cªåw® B0S®å ¯u®ãî®±u® îµ±°Œµ CN®Ê¡®u®0q®œ® †T‡®¾¯u® Ÿmq®î®w®±Ý œµ²0vu¯ÛŠµ. D î¯î®±y®0t°‡®±Š®w®±Ý š®‹‡®¾¯T A‹q®±Nµ²¡®ë„µ°N¯u®ªå A¯l®±î® î®0X®wµ‡®± BhS®¡®w®±Ý r¢‡®±±î® AS®q®ãïuµ. A0q®œ® BhS®¡®± î®±²Š®± ïu®.
1) y®½î¯ÁS®äœ® Bh.
2) Ÿ0u®±q®æu® x0u®wµ‡®± Bh
3) š®±¡®±ë î®±q®±Ù q®y®¼ÈÞ î®¾¯Ÿr‡®± Bh.

K0uµ²0u¯T D BhS®¡® …SµÌ ï®î¯T r¢‡µ²°o.

y®½î¯ÁS®äœ® Bh:
š®î®Áš¯î®¾¯w®ãî¯T „¯Š®r°‡®±Šµ©åŠ®² î®±q®±Ù ïýµ°Ç®î¯T Ÿ0u®²S®¡®± u®±…Á©Š®± œ¯S®² Aw®±y®‡®±±N®Ù cw®S®¡®± H0…0q®œ® y®½î¯ÁS®äœ®î®w®±Ý †äiǬ š¯î®¾¯äcãǯŸS®¡®± š®³™Ô›u®Š®±. ïuµ°þ ïu¯æ0š®Š®± î®±q®±Ù y®þÏî®±u® ¯u®ãî®±u®ªåw® š®±vÛ N®qµS®¡®± D y®½î¯ÁS®äœ®NµÊ x°Š®± Sµ²…àŠ® œ¯O „µ¡µ›u®Š®±. „¯Š®q®NµÊ q®w®Ýuµ° Hw®±Ýî®0q®œ® S®±oïýµ°Ç®îµ°w®² C©å. Cuµ²0u®± œ®©î¯Š®± š®0š®ör î®±q®±Ù î®±q®S®¡® N®©š®±îµ±°Œµ²°S®Š® „µ°‡®±±î® l®…‹ ¯q®ä H0…0qµ î¯vš®©± ‡®¾¯î®¼uµ° Aî®N¯ý® uµ²Šµq®Š®² D î¯î®±y®0t°‡®±‹Sµ …±vÜ X®±Š®±N¯S®±q®Ùuµ. Ÿ0u®²q®æî®w®±Ý Š¯™ó°‡®± î®±±Qãx‰±0u® „µ°y®Ámš®©± K0u®± š®oØ š®0u®„®Á ©†Ã›u®Š®², A®± Aq®±ãq¯éœ®v0u® Au®w®±Ý …¡®š®±q¯ÙŠµ. y®0mq¬ c®Š®Œ¯Œ¬ wµœ®Š®± A0u® ïýµ°Ç®î¯T N®³y¯yµ½°™q®Š¯T N®¡µu® w¯©±Ê u®ý®N®S®¢0u® „¯Š®q®u® î®±±u®äo ¯u®ãî®±u®ªå c¯‰±› N®²rŠ®±î® Hl®y®0t°‡®± Œµ°QN®‹Sµ, †äiǬ š¯î®¾¯äcãǯŸS®¡®± š®³™Ô›u® D y®½î¯ÁS®äœ®S®¡®± Aq®±ãy®‡®±±N®Ù š®Š®N®± Š®²y®u®ªå uµ²Šµrîµ.

D y®½î¯ÁS®äœ®S®¡®w®±Ý š®î®±tÁ› î®±±0u®±î®‹š®±î®¼u®Š®ªå C0q®œ® Ar b¯oŠµx›u® D „¯Š®r°‡®± ïu¯æ0š®Š®±S®¡®u®± S®ox°‡®± y¯q®äïuµ. š¯æq®0q®ü y¯äzÙ‡®± w®0q®Š® D Hl®y®0t°‡®± b¯oŠ®± „¯Š®q®u® B0S®å ¯u®ãî®±î®w®±Ý q®î®±â î®ý®y®m›Nµ²0l®± „¯Š®q® ²°và q®±Ù Ÿ0u®² ²°và y®½î¯ÁS®äœ®S®¡®w®±Ý Cw®ÝÇ®±Ô y®¼Ç®ÔSµ²¢›u®Š®±. (N¯0Sµäš¬w® Ÿq¯š®OÙS®¢Sµ A Xµw¯ÝT yµ½°Ç®N®î¯Tu®±Ûu®‹0u®, Aµ©å‹S®² ïïu® î®±0l®ªS®¡®ªå î®±q®±Ù š®ï±rS®¡®©²å, Nµ¶ q®±0„¯ š®0y¯u®wµ, JǯŠ¯î®±u® „µ²°S®N¯ÊT š®î®©q®±ÙS®¡®± CŠ®±î®0q®œ® œ®±uµÛS®¡®² ©†Ã›u®î®¼) Hl® y®0s®u® K©î®¼ CŠ®±î® N¯0Sµäš¬ î®±q®±Ù Hl®î¯vS®¡® Ÿmq®u®ªåŠ®±î® œµYÏw® ¯u®ãî®±u®ªåŠ®±î®î®Š®±, Ar î®±œ®q®æu® š¯Úw®S®¡®ŒµåŒ¯å q®î®±âµ° CŠ®±î®0qµ î®ãµÚ ¯mNµ²0l®± y®ä„¯¾¯u® y®äX¯Š® A†Ã‡®¾¯w®î®w®±Ý Nµ¶Sµ²0l®Š®±.

y®äš®±Ùq® D y®äX¯Š®u® A†Ã‡®¾¯w®u®ªå š®±©„®î¯T …ŒµSµ †°¡®±î®î®Š®± ïu¯ãî®0q®Š¯TŠ®±î®î®Šµ°. N¯Š®oS®¡®± œ®©ïuµ:
1) y®Šµ²°£®î¯T Sµ²q¯Ùu® œ¯S®² š®‹ q®y®¼ÈÞ QYq®y®mš®Œ¯S®u® ¯ŸrS®¡µ©åî®w®²Ý KzÞ w®0…±î®¼u®± C® î®±wµ²°u®Á.
2) y®är‡µ²0u®± î®±œ®q®æu® š®0S®r‡®±ªå q®î®±â A†Ãy¯ä‡®±î®w®±Ý Š®²zš®±î® AS®q®ãî®w®±Ý C®± î®±w®S¯o±î®¼u®‹0u® Ar‡®¾¯u® y®äX¯Š®u® î®±²©N® Nµ°¢…Š®±î® A†Ãy¯ä‡®±NµÊ š®æq®» bµ²°q®± †°¡®±î®î®Š®± C®±. (Au®Š®©²å BN®Ç®ÁN® C0Tå°Ç¬ „¯ǵ‡®±ªå CŠ®±î®0q®œ® A†Ãy¯ä‡®±S®¢Sµ œµX¯ÏT …ª †°¡®±î®¼u®± C® ‹°r)
3) q®î®±Sµ "xÇ®ÊǵÁ" q¯¡®©± š¯î®±s®ãÁïuµ H0u®± r¢‡®±±î®î®Š®± C®±.

S®±cŠ¯rw® u®0SµS®¡® š®0u®„®Áu®ªå K0u®± cw®z䇮± uµ¶xN®î®¼ (q®w®Ýw®±Ý q¯wµ° Aq®ãvÃN® y®äš¯Š®î®¼¡®ë y®räNµ H0u®± œµ°¢Nµ²¡®±ëî®0q®œ®u®± Au®±) ®vS®¡®w®±Ý y®äN®iš®±rÙu®Û ‹°r, D y®½î¯ÁS®äœ®î®¼ œµ°Sµ Nµ©š® ¯l®±rÙuµ H0…±u®NµÊ œµ°¢ ¯m›u®0q®œ® Eu¯œ®Š®nµ‡®±w®Ý…œ®±u®±.

2002 Š® Iz䌬 r0S®¡®ªå Au®Š®ªå š®î®Áš¯î®¾¯w®ãî¯T Ÿ0u®² ²°vÇ®¾¯u® î®±q®±Ù ïýµ°Ç®î¯T „¯. c. y®. ²°vÇ®¾¯u® 22 Œµ°Qw®S®¡®± y®äN®hî¯Tu®Û. AS®¡®ªå w®„®²qµ²° Hw®±Ýî®0q®œ® ‹°r‡®±ªå q®±0†u®±Ûu®± x©ÁcÑî¯u® î®±q®±Ù î¯N®‹Nµ …Š®±î®Ç®±Ô y®ä¯ou®ªå î¯î®±y®0t°‡®±Š® š®±¡®±ëS®¡µ°. Sµ²rÙŠ®ª, î®±²î®q®±Ù vw®S®¡®ªå Cy®ÞqµÙŠ®l®± Œµ°Qw®S®¡®±. Aå Ÿ0u®±S®¡®w®±Ý î®±q®±Ù Ÿ0u®±q®æî®w®±Ý x0vš®±î®0q®œ®î®¼; Cš¯åï±° î®±²©„®²q®î¯u®u® N®±‹q®± K0u®± š®œ® C©å. ‡®¾¯î®¼uµ° N®qµ‡®± Cwµ²Ý0u®± î®±±Qî®w®±Ý x©ÁcÑî¯T A®± î®±±YÏl®±î® ‹°r Cu®±. š®q®ãš®0S®rS®¡® ®vS®¡µ° A©å A. Au®± y®äN®iš®±rÙu®±Ûu®± „¯. c. y®. uµæ°Ç®u® „µ¶S®±¡® ¯q®ä. q®y®¼ÈÞ î®¾¯ŸrS®¡® y®äX¯Š® A†Ã‡®¾¯w®u® K0u®± q¯b¯ Eu¯œ®Š®nµ Au®±.

‡®¾¯î®¼uµ° š®0u®„®Áu®©²å u®0SµS®¡®± x©å„¯Š®u®± H0… N®î®±²ãxǮԊ® î®±q®±Ù N¯0Sµäš¬w® y®ä‡®±q®ÝS®¢Sµ Kq¯Ùšµ‡®¾¯T Nµ©š® ¯l®±rÙu®Û uµ¶xN® Au®±. Auµ° ‹°r HŒ¯å q®y®¼ÈÞS®¢Sµ Ÿ0u®±S®¡µ° N¯Š®oN®q®ÁŠ®± H0u®± BŠµ²°zš®±î®0q®œ® N®î®±²ãxš®ÔŠ® î®±q®±Ù N¯0Sµäš¬w® u®±Š¯Œµ²°X®wµS®¢SµŒ¯å rv‡®±²u®î® Nµ©š® ¯l®±rÙu®±Ûuµ° D uµ¶xN®. „¯Š®q®, Ÿ0u®±S®¡®± î®±q®±Ù „¯. c. y®. CS®¡® ±u®Ü y®½î¯ÁS®äœ® Š®²zš®±î®¼u®Š®ªå N®î®±²ãxš®ÔŠ®w®±Ý ï±°‹š®±î®î®‹©å. œ¯S®² D N®Œµ A®ªå B¡®î¯T „µ°Š®²‹uµ.

Ÿ0u®±q®æ x0u®wµ‡®± Bh:
Ÿ0u®±q®æ b¯r Bu¯‹q®î¯Tu®±Û cl®±Ö N®iÔu® N®0u¯X¯Š®v0u® N®²mŠ®±î®0q®œ®±u®± - Ÿ0u®±q®æ ²°và y®äX¯Š® ¯l®±î®î®ŠµŒ¯å, D ïu®u® b¯r ²°và „¯î®wµS®¡®w®Ýǵ԰ HrÙ Bl®±î®0s®î®Š®±. Ÿ0u®±q®æu® ±u®Üî¯T …Šµ‡®±±î¯S®ŒµŒ¯å, D î¯î®±y®0t°‡®±Š®± …Šµ‡®±±î®¼u®± ‡µ²°S®î¯S®ª, îµ°u¯0q®î¯S®ª N®±‹q®± A©å, B‡®±±îµÁ°u®î¯S®ª, ®±Ùý¯š®ôî¯S®ª° š®0…0vÛ A©å; Aq®±ãw®Ýq® š®î®Áuµ°þN® b¯ÓxN® u®ý®Áw® œ¯S®² Bu¯ãrâN® u®³™Ô‡®±w®±Ý x°l®±î®0q®œ® îµ°u®S®¡¯S®ª°, ý¯š®ôS®¡¯S®ª° …SµÌ A©å. A® Kq®±Ù CŠ®±î®¼uµŒ¯å b¯r î®ãµÚ‡®± N®±‹q®± ¯q®ä. Au®w®±Ý †hÔªå Ÿ0u®±q®æu®ªå „µ°Šµ°w®² C©åîµ° C©åîµ°wµ²° H0…0q®œ® ‹°r‡®± Y0q®wµ A®u®±.

u®ªq®Š® îµ±°Œ¯S®±î® u®±Ç®ÊȳrS®¢SµŒ¯å ¯u®ã y®ä¯o ï±°‹ y®ä›vÜ x°l®±q®Ùuµ. î®±q¯0q®Š®î¯S®±î®¼u®w®±Ý š®î®±tÁš®©± A0q®œ® U®hwµS®¡®wµÝ° œ®±X®±ÏX¯ÏT …¡®›Nµ²¡®±ëq®Ùuµ. D š¯î®±²ŸN® î®±q¯0q®Š®u® y®äN®Š®oS®¡µŒ¯å y®½î®Á‡µ²°dq®î¯Tu®±Û, Ÿ0u®±q®æu® ±u®Ü y®äX¯Š®N¯ÊT ASµ Aîµ° Ar œµYÏw® š®Š®N®±. C0q®œ® y®äN®Š®oS®¡®ªå ©0S®±©S¯ï±©åuµ° A0Nµ š®0PµãS®¡®w®±Ý x°l®±î®¼uµ° A® ‹°r.

D Hl®î¯v b¯oŠ®± îµ±N¯Œµ (1830 Š®ªå „¯Š®q®u® S®î®w®ÁŠ¬ cw®Š®Œ¬ BTu®Ûî®w®±) ¯w®š®y®¼q®äŠ¯T Auµ° ®›Nµ‡®±±¡®ë®±. „¯Š®q®u® þ£®o y®u®Ür‡®±w®±Ý y®‹î®rÁš®±î® š®©±î¯T q¯w®± š®u®š®ãw¯Tu®Û N¹x錬 By¬ C0m‡®¾¯Sµ Bq® K0u®± ®v‡®±w®±Ý N®¡®±Ÿ›u®Û. Aî®w® þ£®o x°r‡®±ªå HŠ®l®± uµ㰇µ²°uµÛ°ý®S®¢u®Û. (Bu¯Š®: v mš®Ê By¬ C0m‡®¾¯ - Aw¯éŠ¬ œ®±šµé°w¬ P¯w¬ 1995 y®¼h 326)

1) "w®î®±â œ¯S®² w¯î®¼ B¡®±î®0q®œ® ﱪ‡®¾¯0q®Š® cw®Š® w®l®±îµ Aw®±î¯u®N®Š¯S®…©å" ïuµ°‡®± „¯Š®r°‡®±Š® K0u®± î®S®Áî®w®±Ý š®³™Ôš®±î®¼u®±. ïuµ°‡®±qµ INµ0u®Šµ D „¯Š®r°‡®±Š®± †äiÇ®Š® (DS® y¯ý¯Ïq®ãŠ®) Ÿq¯š®OÙS®¡®w®±Ý Aîµ° š®‹‡®¾¯u®î®¼ î®±q®±Ù y®Š®îµ²°X®Ðî¯u®î®¼ H0…±u®w®±Ý š®0y®½oÁî¯T ›æ°N®‹› „¯Š®r°‡®±Š® Ÿq¯š®OÙS®¡®w®±Ý AS®¡® î®±±0uµ q®±YаSµ²¢š®±î®0q¯S®„µ°N®±.
2) D ïuµ°‡®± „¯Š®r°‡®±Š®± Š®N®Ù œ¯S®² …oØu®ªå „¯Š®r°‡®±Šµ° BTu®±Û, q®î®±â Š®±Y, A†Ãy¯ä‡®±S®¡®±, ‹°rx°rS®¡®± î®±q®±Ù …±v܉±0u® C0Tå°Ç¬w®î®Š¯T (DS® y¯ý¯Ïq®ãŠ¯T) CŠ®±î®0q®œ® y®äqµã°N® K0u®± î®S®Áîµ° BS®„µ°N®±.

Part 1 | Part 2

N¯ãy®Ôw¬ N®zŒ¬ „¯i‡®¾¯
N®³yµ: By®Ù š®0î¯u®