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N®w¯ÁhN® Crœ¯š®: ïuµ°þ° …Š®î®pSµS®¡®±
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N®w¯ÁhN® Crœ¯š®u® Bu¯Š®S®¡®±
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N®w¯ÁhN® Crœ¯š® y®‹X®‡®±
N®w¯ÁhN®u® y¯äY°w®qµ‡®±w®±Ý HŠ®l®± ‹°r‡®±ªå î®TÁ°N®‹š®…œ®±u®±. Kºu®wµ‡®±u®± N®ä.y®½ 10000-300Š® y¯äSµ¶rN® Crœ¯š®N¯©. HŠ®l®wµ‡®±u®± Crœ¯š®N¯© N®ä.y®½ 300 ‹ºu® y¯äŠ®º„®Sµ²¡®²ëq®Ùuµ. ªRq® u¯QŒµS®¡®± uµ²Šµ‡®±u® Aw¯S®‹°N® š¯î®¾¯dN® w®l®î®¢Nµ‡µ± þŒ¯‡®±±S®u® N¯©î®w®±Ý y¯äSµ¶rN® Crœ¯š®N¯©îµºu®± N®Šµ‡®±…œ®±u®±. þŒ¯‡®±±S®u® cw®qµ …¡®›u® î®±mNµS®¡®±, N®ªåw® B‡®±±u®S®¡®±, î®±²¡µS®¡® y®¡µ‡®±±¢NµS®¡®w®±Ý š®ºš®Ê‹› Aºvw® d°î®w® ïu¯w®S®¡®w®±Ý, š®ºš®ör‡®± Š®²y®Šµ°ýµS®¡®w®±Ý Au®㇮±w® ¯l®„µ°N®±. N®w¯ÁhN® y¯Sµ¶rN® Crœ¯š®N¯©u® d°î®w® ïu¯w® N®±‹q®± Au®㇮±w® ¯muµ y®äî®±±Q ïu¯æºš®Šµºu®Šµ Š¯…g¬Á …²äš¬ y®½g¬, ¯iÁ°î®±Š¬ îµê°©Š¬, N¯ãy®Ôw¬ îµ±lµ²°š¬ gµ°©Š¬, š®ºy®q¬ J‡®±ãºS¯Š¬, Hº. Hš¬. w¯S®Š¯cŠ¯î¬, Nµ. y®u®â‡®±ã, Hš¬.m. Aw¯é‹, Hº. ýµ°Ç¯vä, îµ²u®Œ¯u®î®Š®w®±Ý œµš®‹š®…œ®±u®±. î®±±0uµ Lv

Eq®ÙŠ® N®w®Ýl® dŒµå‡®± X¯‹räN® Ÿw®ÝŒµ „¯S®-2
„¯Š®q®u®ªå JŠµ²°y®ãŠ® y®äuµ°ý®î¯u® w®ºq®Š®, yµ½°X®±ÁT°š®, l®X¬, ‚µäºX¬, cî®±Áw¬é î®±q®±Ù CºTå°Ç®Š®± KºvŒµ²åºu®± ‹°r‡®±ªå Eq®ÙŠ®N®w®Ýl® dŒµå‡®±w®±Ý y®äîµ°þ›u®Š®±. 1627 Š®ªå BºS®åŠ®± „®hÊ¡®u®ªå ‚¯ãN®Ô‹ š¯Úz›u®Š®±. N¯Š®î¯Š® î®±q®±Ù œµ²w¯Ý®S®¡®ªå‡®±² ‚¯ãN®Ô‹S®¡®w®±Ý š¯Úz›u®Š®±. N¯Š®î¯Š® î®±q®±Ù œµ²w¯Ý®S®¡®ªå‡®±² ‚¯ãN®Ô‹S®¡®± š¯Úzq®î¯u®î®¼. 1762 Š®ªå œµ¶u®Š¯ª‡®±± Eq®ÙŠ®N®w®Ýl®î®w®±Ý Nµ²¡µë œµ²lµu® w®ºq®Š® î®±±ºuµ 1799 Š®ªå iy®¼ÈÞïw® y®q®w®u®î®ŠµSµ Eq®ÙŠ®N®w®Ýl®u®ªå œµ¶u®Š¬ î®±q®±Ù iy®¼ÈÞŠ® x‡®±ºq®äo î®±±ºu®±î®‹‰±q®±. u®¤nµ²°q®ÙŠ® N®w®Ýl®S®¡®w®±Ý K¡®Sµ²ºl®± Nµw®Š¯ dŒµå‡®±w®±Ý †äi°Ç®Š®± 1800 Š®ªå î®±u¯äš¬ y¯äºq®ãNµÊ šµ°‹› î®±w®²Ýw®w®±Ý N®ŒµN®ÔŠ¬ BT x‡®±ï±›u®Š®±.  î®±±0uµ Lv


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…w®î¯›‡®± š®ï±°y®ïŠ®±î® N®ºq®Š¯d‡®±ªå …䜮q¬ þŒ¯‡®±±S®NµÊ šµ°‹u® î®±q®±Ù N¯Š®î¯Š® î®±q®±Ù Sµ²°N®oÁS®¡® w®l®±ïw® y®äuµ°ý®u®ªå î®±u®ã þŒ¯‡®±±S®NµÊ šµ°‹u® Aî®ýµ°Ç®S®¡®± ©„®ãî¯TŠ®±î®¼u®‹ºu® y¯äSµ¶rœ¯š®N¯©u® ¯w®î®Š®± Cªå d°î®w® w®lµ›u®Šµº…±u®± QYq®î¯S®±q®Ùuµ. Eq®ÙŠ®N®w®Ýl® dŒµå "y®Š®ý®±Š¯î®± £µ°q®ä" Hº…±u¯T š®Êºu®y®¼Š¯ou® š®œ¯ãvä N¯ºl®vºu® r¢u®± …Š®±q®Ùuµ. Š¯î®¾¯‡®±ou®ªå u®ºl®N¯Š®oã î®±q®±Ù î®±œ¯„¯Š®q®u®ªå Sµ²°N®oÁ EŒµå°Qî¯Tîµ. š¯£¯q¬ ïÇ®±Øîµ° î®±u®± Hº… Š¯£®š®w®w®±Ý …w®î¯› š®Ú¡®u®ªå š®ºœ®‹›uµw®ÝŒ¯Tuµ. ‡®¾¯ou®ªå î®±œ¯ïÇ®±Ø îµ²°Ÿx‡®± Š®²y® u®‹› „®š¯âš®±Š®w®w®±Ý î®vÛu®w®ºqµ. KiÔw®ªå Cîµ©å š®Ú¡®u® Jrœ®ãS®¡®±. Š®Rq® (Š®¤q®) Hº… „¹u®Ü š®w¯ã›‡®±w®±Ý Aýµ²°N® X®N®äî®rÁ‡®±± „¹u®Ü u®Áu® y®äX¯Š® ¯l®Œµºu®± N®¡®±Ÿ›u®w®±. ¹‡®±ÁŠ®uµºu®± w®º…Œ¯u® Š®ºu®ä¡®ë œ®©î®¼ w¯oãS®¡®± Eq®ÙŠ®N®w®Ýl® dŒµå‡®±ªå ¹‡®±ÁŠ® y®ä„Â¯î® CqµÙº…±u®± š®ÞÇ®Ôî¯S®±q®Ùuµ. î®±±0uµ Lv

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